前几天,英国竞争与市场管理局CMA(The Competition and Markets Authority)称有足够的证据怀疑英国四大建筑开发商(Barratt Developments, Countryside Properties, Persimmon Homes, Taylor Wimpey)违反了消费者条约法,并展开执法行动。
执法行动主要针对其有可能向消费者进行不当销售(Mis Selling)租赁产权房,以及与消费者签署不公平的地租(Ground rent)条约等问题进行调查:
Ø 开发商并未清晰说明什么是地租费,它的价格如何增长,什么时候会增长以及增长的具体价格。
Ø 误导购买者,称该房产无永久产权销售
Ø 租赁产权拥有者购买其永久产权的模糊价格
Ø 不诚实的销售策略
Ø 不公平的地租费条约
据BBC、卫报等大型媒体报道称,英国近几年有数以百万计的房产被作为租赁产权房出售,而超过10万人是因为以上“不当销售”(Mis- Selling)行为而签下了购房合同,一生都被合同捆绑。
那么,假如四家公司真的违法了消费者条约,在被不当销售而买下的租赁产权房之后,消费者所要承担的后果是什么呢?
今日丽莎为您深入揭开:英国房产背后的“地租陷阱”。
(* 注:以上四家建筑商正在接受监管部门调查,结果尚未明确,本文单从违反消费者条约法,租赁产权房不当销售等问题进行分析,并无假定该四家企业确实违反相关条款)
→ 什么是租赁产权?
在英国买过房的莎粉们应该知道,中国跟英国的房产法律有着很多的不同。就拿产权来说,中国房产拥有者是可拿到该房的房产证,一般有70年的使用权。而英国的房屋所有权根据所有权有无时间限制和性质主要分有两种:永久产权(Freehold )和租赁权(Leasehold)。
顾名思义,前者可以理解为购房者拥有该房产以及土地的永久拥有权,可以算是终身的财产,世代相传。而后者,租赁权指的是:业主和土地所有者之间的租约。在租约结束后,如果业主没有和土地所有者申请续约,那么房屋产权还是归地主所有。
说是“租约”,但这个“租期”可不是普通的一年,两年或三年。当租赁公寓或房屋首次被出售时,它的租约被授予一个固定的期限,一般90年至125年之间,甚至有的可长达999年。如果租约到期还可以向土地拥有者延长租约或者直接向它买了永久产权。
在网上也可以随机搜索出很多商家打出广告:999年的租赁产权和永久产权,您选哪个?
这么一看,好像买了租赁房不仅不会吃亏,还挺诱人。毕竟租赁产权房的出售价格要比永久产权房低很多,对于很多投资者来说,买房不一定要世代相传,拿来做投资这几十年房产的价值也可以翻好多倍了。
哪怕业主想自住,只拥有一个最短的年限,也比国内房屋使用权的70年更长。可是,您不知道的是,这里面却藏有消费陷阱。
购买者一不小心就被长期捆绑在合同中,陷入“经济困境”。
→ 螺旋式上涨的地租费
既然租赁产权房是和土地所有者持有的租约。那么,消费者自然得要付“租金”,这在英国法律上称为:地租(Ground Rent)。也就是说,虽然业主所购买的房屋是业主的名字,但是该楼盘的土地则还是归地主所有,得向地主交一笔“土地租金”。
在英格兰和威尔士地区,很多住宅项目都是使用租赁使用权制度的。但是,以前的租赁权拥有者只需要每年交一笔“Peppercorn ” 地租,也就是象征性的地租,多数情况下每年才有1英镑。因此,很多土地所有者也懒得去收取。
但是,现在的情况不同了,开发商在租赁合同中都会加入条款,将地租定为每年200-400英镑,而且在极端情况下可以:每十年翻一倍。
比如说,丽莎看中伦敦某一区域的楼盘,而该楼盘只有租赁产权的公寓出售,那么合同上写着每年的地租费,大概200英镑一年。那么,十年后,丽莎要交给该楼盘地主约400英镑一年的地租费(200*2),二十年后再翻一倍,也就是800英镑。
如果,丽莎就是特别喜欢该楼盘,而且地租费也在她能承受的范围。那么在明白地租条款的情况下,当然是可以买的。
可是,真实的情况往往并不会那么简单,“陷阱”就来了。
有些无良开发商会在合同里列出不平等的条约,就像CMA此次开展的调查一样:把地租费的起点定得很高,并且,销售人员也不会跟购房者解释什么是地租费,它如何翻倍增加的。
由于买房的合同相当复杂,别说是中国的买家了,就连本土的买家也无法躲避“地租陷阱“,很多人在一些诱惑的销售策略下,急急忙忙买了房,签了合同,就终身被绑在了合同里,这也是在英国非常有名的案子“租赁产权丑闻”(Leaseholds scandal)。
租赁产权丑闻最早被曝光在2017年,英格兰和威尔士地区被爆出超过10万多人受租赁产权合同影响,他们被开发商误导而购买了租赁房。
买家获得抵押贷款住在其中,还必须向不动产的所有者支付地租。然后,住进去以后,他们才发现自己被捆绑在合同中,土地租金螺旋式上涨,变得非常昂贵。
怎么个螺旋式上涨呢?就连最少的地租费,也能让人吓一跳!
我们可以假设这样一个情况:
丽莎在伦敦看好了楼盘,销售人员告诉丽莎:这楼盘只有租赁产权房销售。
该销售人员看到丽莎特别喜欢,又和丽莎说:放心,这个房子非常值得,有999年的房产权,地租费只用1磅,但却对如何增长闭口不提。
丽莎一想:这不是天大的好事?趁着热乎劲,该销售人员赶紧让丽莎签合同。可没想到,这背后的地租费螺旋式增长,相当惊人。
大家可以帮丽莎一起算算:
第一年1磅,第十年2磅,二十年4磅,到第一百年1024磅,第一百二十年4196磅 —–,
到了租赁结束的时期(999年),地租费可高达一个惊人的数字:1267650600228230000000000000000.00英镑!
(哎呀,对不起,小编作为文科生,数学能力确实有限,数字大得有点怀疑自己是不是算错了?小编在这里鼓励大家一起给她算算!!丽莎这几代人住下去,得要交多少地租??)。
而且!这只是按最低的地租费来算,假如一年地租费100到400不等,对于很多卖家来说,倍数增加后,那可是根本无法承受的费用。
而这仅仅是其中一个问题,有时买家还被签署了另外的服务费,只要想扩建自己的房产或者对它进行改造装修,也会面临高额的费用。
看到这里,很多人也许会问:既然发现了问题,何必苦苦挣扎?负担不起,干嘛不把该房产的永久产权买了?不是说了可以买了该房产的永久产权吗?或者,干脆把它转售给他人。
事情往往没有想象得那么简单。
CAM在搜集市民投诉时发现:很多买家在购买该房源的时候被告知“你只需要交一笔很小的费用,就可以向地主把永久产权买了。”可是,后来价格在几乎没有任何预兆的情况下上涨了数千英镑,完全超过了买家能负担的范围。
另外,在丽莎接过的案子里也发现:有些租赁产权的业主根本无法找到该房产永久产权的所有人,有的甚至已经把该房产高价卖给了第三方。即使是最终找到了,第三方更是不会再以低价出售给购买者。
由于高昂的螺旋式上涨的地租费,也很少有人愿意二手转接此类房产。试着想想,谁会想去负担这些昂高的费用呢?
另外,由于租赁期限逐年减少也会失去它本身的价值,再一个由于地租费上涨,往往此类房产价值在整个房产市场都是呈逐步走低,根本无法转手,甚至无法用它向银行作为抵押。
→ 认清不当销售(Mis-Selling)
其实,从2017年租赁产权房丑闻事件被曝光后,英政府每年都在加大力度打击该不当销售行为,丽莎也跟踪报道过相关的一系列租赁产权改革政策。
而此次英国公平竞争及市场管理局对四大建筑商开展调查,也是英国政府再一次重拳出击,打击违规行为,为消费者解决难题。
目前,我们尚未清楚该四大建筑商是否存在违规问题,但根据英国新闻媒体报道,他们已经在积极配合相关部门的调查。
这些新措施和执法行动是打造健康房产市场好的开始,但是丽莎也不能确保“不当销售“以及“不公平条款”的行为是否会永远消失,消费者是否可以从此摆脱地租陷阱的困境。
毕竟买房并不是一项小的投资,它是一件很复杂的事,特别对于中国买家来说,在语言不通的情况下,一不留神就掉进看不到的消费陷阱里。
所以,在这里丽莎也想提醒大家:
— 购房前先查好相关的潜在问题
— 假如遇到消费人员声称,该房子或者楼盘并没有永久产权销售,一定要多方打听确保真实性
— 如喜欢的楼盘确实只销售租赁产权房,那么一定要跟开发商了解清楚地租的相关费用
— 仔细看合同(建议找熟悉的律师帮助)
假如已经遇到合同纠纷的,建议立刻找律师咨询,丽莎也愿意协助大家,看看是否能有相关的消费者权益法,帮助莎粉们脱离困境。
(丽莎会继续跟踪报道该执法行动的后续问题,请莎粉们持续关注。如喜欢这篇文章,欢迎转发,帮助更多的海外买家躲避购房陷阱和风险。)
如果莎粉们针对这方面或英国房产方面有任何疑问,都欢迎进一步联系咨询丽莎律师行。
→ 莎粉们如何更好地使用丽莎的“掌上律师”服务?
不少莎粉应该知道,丽莎一直致力于把自己打造成莎粉手中的“掌上律师行”,使所有莎粉足不出户,就可以便捷地咨询和委托我们。
为此,丽莎律师行已经正式上线了中英文双语App服务。
通过我们的App,莎粉们不仅可以足不出户就可以委托我们,还可以直接通过App来随时查询您的案件进度。此外,您也可以通过App上传您的案件所需要的文件。您不再需要把它们邮寄给我们,或者花费车票和时间送到我们的办公室。
→ 想要抢先体验丽莎全新的App服务?
很简单,莎粉们只要直接在您手机的苹果商城或安卓市场搜索“Lisas Law”手机应用程式(App),您就可以免费下载了。就像下面这样:
下载后,打开丽莎律师行(Lisa’s Law)的App,您就会看到App的首页菜单页面,您可以直接从这边点选您想要的操作,像是选择委托丽莎/咨询丽莎,或者如果您已经是我们的客户,您还能直接线上登录查询您的案件进度,甚至把案件相关文件通过App发送给我们。
从最初的咨询、委托,直到后面的文件递交、案件处理等,您完全不需要出门,甚至不需要移动一步,就能够远程遥控,与我们取得联系并且随时追踪您的案件情况。
丽莎全新的App提供中文和英文版本,不论您习惯使用哪一种语言,都可以直接点选主页面菜单的右上角,更换语言。点选“English”英文版,或者点选“中文”中文版。
→ 如何使用App扫描文件?
首先,莎粉们只需要在主页菜单点选“扫描上传文件给我们”,点进去后照着页面的指示,点选右下角“+”来开启手机的相机功能,就可以通过App来拍摄/扫描您想传给我们的文件。
拍摄的时候建议莎粉把您的手机垂直上举,将镜头中的矩形观景窗“对准”您的文件(注意镜头需要聚焦来确保文件清晰度),您拍摄的每页文件内容必须容纳进观景窗,也就是镜头的矩形方格中,如同下面图示:
拍摄的时候,请您按照顺序将文件一页一页地拍下来(比如一份文件有10页,请您将10页内容分成10个单页拍摄)。
拍摄完成后,您会看到所有您已拍摄/扫描的全部页面缩图,确认内容无误后,您就可以点选右上角的“信封”图样,接着跟着指示把您的文件,云端寄送到丽莎的电邮了!
→ 如何使用App查询和追踪您的案件进展?
您只需要从主页菜单点选“查询/追踪您的案件情况”,您就会被带到我们的Osprey线上案件查询系统。
只要您是丽莎的客户,您的律师就会告诉您的登入信息,您只需要按照系统上的指示,输入您的登入信息,您就可以进入系统查看您的案件进展了!
→ 还没成为我们客户,只是想先咨询我们?
没有问题!莎粉们只要从主页菜单点选“留言咨询/委托丽莎”,然后再跟着上面出现的表格选项,依序填入您的名字、联络信息和您的提问,丽莎的专业律师就会给予回复,或者直接与您联系。
莎粉们记得一定要留下您方便的联络方式,这样我们才能够与您联系,回复您的提问喔!
当然了,如果莎粉们想要了解更多有关丽莎的信息,也可以点选主页菜单的“联系丽莎”,查看丽莎旗下社交平台,官网博客,或者拨打丽莎办公室座机电话等;莎粉们也可以点选主页菜单的“关于丽莎”,进一步了解丽莎团队。
通过丽莎“掌上律师”的全新便捷服务,莎粉们只要动一动手指,一部手机就能发挥遥控器的功能,完全可以更轻松、省时且省钱,并且更加安心地委托丽莎。
您和我们只有一键之隔。委托我们,您完全可以更加省时省力。对于住得远的莎粉,您更可以省下车费和舟车劳顿。丽莎只想为您做得更好。
您说,我们做!委托丽莎,从来没有如此简单过!
如果莎粉们对于丽莎的“掌上律师”服务有任何疑问,或者有其他法律问题,都可以直接联系丽莎律师行(www.lisaslaw.co.uk),或者通过我们旗下官网和《丽莎知道》微信公众号(UK-LISA),官方微博(www.weibo.com/lisaslaw)咨询丽莎。
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There is a large variety of options to choose from, allowing you to express your individuality and showcase your unique fashion.
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In some instances it’s important to bid on the work and in others you may have to produce previous work samples.
Aycock, Jason (December 15, 2017).
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According to investment experts, mutual funds are a preferred way to invest in equities.
In avoidant attachment, individuals are inclined to distance themselves emotionally in relationships.
Since 2020, several central banks (including the ECB, Bank of England and the Swedish central banks) have announced their intention to incorporate climate criteria in their QE programmes.
Each component of climate risk – hazards, exposure and vulnerability – may be uncertain in terms of the magnitude and likelihood of occurrence.
Malak continued his conquest with out Revan’s tactical leadership until a redeemed Revan defeated him, and the Star Forge, the source of the Sith fleet, was destroyed.
You can find bloggers in your trade who aren’t direct opponents that’ll put up your visitor articles.
Whereas there are not any generally agreed upon parameters on which the countries might be categorised as “Rising Economies”, a number of companies have developed detailed methodologies to determine the top performing emerging economies every year.
It additionally meant a transition away from the subsidies of the EU’s common agricultural policy to a scheme in which farmers are paid for environmental goods, the delivery of which was botched and delayed.
It encouraged using home windows depicting hosts of angels within the higher windows.
The village of Brympton is bigger at the moment than at any time in its history.
For arranging business events, be sure that the exhibitions administration company offers accommodation for the guests and delegates and takes care of their travel wants.
It is – because, let’s point out once more, it is smoking – a doubtlessly dangerous, possibly deadly act.
The global biofuel industry has been witnessing rapid growth over the past few years in the backdrop of depleting fossil fuels and degradation of environmental conditions.