聊到”合伙买房“这个话题的时候，许多人已经知道，不论共同买房的双方或者多方（最多4个人）是情侣、家人，还是朋友关系，首先搞清楚”产权模式“是非常重要的（“Joint Tenancy”或”Tenancy in Common“）。
这一点丽莎在近期不少的房产专题中，也有特别说明过（例如此篇：《情侣买房：为何不应该如胶似漆？》）
不过，除了”产权“，其实双方（或多方）事先订定好一份”契约“也是非常重要的。
尤其在现代社会，通过搭伙买房登上“买房阶梯”的情况越来越多，不论一起买房的人一开始是什么关系、有多亲密，如果没有先白纸黑字表明清楚双方的权利、责任和义务，恐怕到了最后，反而引起更大的纠纷，甚至出现更为棘手的不必要麻烦。
→ 一个来自莎粉的真实提问：
不久前，一位莎粉找到丽莎，表示她和前男友一起买了她人生中的第一套房子。
由于当初买房的时候，男友的手上资金比较充足，所以男友负责了大部份的房子首付，而莎粉则每个月共同和男友一起偿还房贷。
后来，因为房子装修上的一系列问题，双方起了不少争执，并且越演越烈，结果大约8、9个月过后，男友向莎粉提出分手。
尽管双方自分手后已经各过各的，不再有交流，但名义上双方仍共同持有该套房产（虽然持有的股份不同，男友多、莎粉少）。
那套房子现在只有男友住在里面，并且独自继续偿还贷款，所以男友就打算直接买走莎粉的股份，100%持有房子的产权。
男友提出，他要直接出10,000英镑，买掉莎粉对于该房产有过的“短暂贡献”；不过莎粉认为，如果当初她是把房子给租出去的话，其实不只值这些钱。
莎粉表示，当初她和男友共同买房时，是有订定一份“信托契约”的；该契约当中，有明确依据双方对于房子首付、以及未来贷款的“贡献”，指出双方各自持有的股份比例。
所以莎粉想要知道，这样一份“信托契约”是如何发挥其效用的？以及，她现在如果想要再去买一栋属于自己的房子，是否还能算做“首次买房”而享受相关优惠呢？
→ 信托契约（Deed of Trust）？
我们首先先来解答有关“信托契约”的问题，并通过莎粉的例子进行延伸说明。
“信托契约”的英文称之为“Deed of Trust”或“Declaration of Trust”。
基本来说，如果双方（或多方）要一起买房，并且买了之后还打算一起居住在共同购买的新房里，双方应该考虑事先签署一份”信托契约”。
这份”信托契约“就是用来规范双方的责任，以及需要遵守的公约；“它”的存在有那么些类似于婚前协议，就是在双方“进入一段关系前”（其实也就是共同买房前），先表明清楚双方的权利和义务，以及未来面对不同情况下（比如说要分开了、想要把房子卖了等等… 应该要如何处理和做出相关处置）。
这有点像”婚前协议“表明了双方婚后的责任、义务，甚至分手后如何安排财产的感觉（当然了，性质上还是有所不同的，我们的举例主要是便于莎粉们了解）。
以长远来说，事先拟定并签署好一份”信托契约“，也可以减少双方未来起冲突的机会。因为白纸黑字，大家就照契约所写的走。
→ 一般来说，在“契约”上，双方可以写明：
1) 双方各自负担多少比例的房子首付；
2) 双方各自在买房的其他费用上、律师费上各自需要负担多少；
3) 双方每个月偿还贷款，各自需要支付多少；
4) 双方在房子的维持、维修费用上、管理费用上，以及平常房子的Bills，比如说水电煤气、地税上，各自要负担多少；
5) 双方在房子的保险费用上，各自要负担多少；
6) 双方共同居住在这套房子里，有没有哪些房屋守则，例如：是否可以让各自的另一半过来一起住，如果要一起住的话，需要多支付哪些费用等等；又或者是说，有没有哪些行为是绝对不能被接受的，双方都不能做的…
7) 家里的家具、装潢等各自支出的比例是多少，所有共享的东西，各自负担的比例为何；
8) 如果一方想把房子卖了，或者一方去世了等等，应该要怎么办。
需要特别说明的是：这份“契约”应该依照双方（或者多方）各自的需求来写，并没有一个统一的规定说，内容一定要包含哪些、又或者不要包含哪些。只要当事人各自都能同意，并且尽量涵盖周全就可以了。
当然了，在拟定“信托契约”的时候，如果任一方有任何需求，都应该提出来，并且尽量详细地针对未来可能面临的情况，都列明在契约的内容当中，这样双方在未来都有很清楚的依据。
一旦发生了什么情况，就能对照契约上的规定来做处理。
→ 回到莎粉的疑问？
最后，我们针对前面莎粉提出的特定问题来做个解答。
对于莎粉和她前男友有签订“信托契约”的部分，我们可以知道，如果男友想要买走莎粉所有的房子股份，这并不是单方面说了算的。
意思是说，他们必须回头去看，当初契约的内容是什么，表明了如果一方想要买走另一方的股份时，应该如何处理，这一般都是在“契约”中会有清楚说明的。
需要指出的是，信托契约（Deed of Trust）是一份具有法律约束力的文件；这就表示，双方在决定如何处置房产的时候，是无法直接略过或忽视这份文件的，需要完全依照契约的规定来做处理。
也因此，并不是说，当初男友出比较多钱、持有的房产股份比较多，现在就可以他说怎么安排就怎么安排的。
实际如何安排，必须回归到当初签订的那份契约内容。
→ 那么，契约内容可以修改吗？
可以的。如果签订了之后，未来双方希望针对内容上做出任何修改的部份，是需要双方（或多方）的各自同意，如果大家都同意了，就可以针对内容修改成新同意的版本。
进一步说，这个例子也再一次告诉我们，信托契约（Deed of Trust）的重要性，以及详细列明相关情况和细节规范，也是同等重要的。
如此一来，未来双方出现歧义或者需要做出相应安排的时候，才能有个合法的依据，而不是各说各话。
至于莎粉提出的另一个问题，丽莎也要说，虽然很遗憾，但由于她先前已经有过买房的经验（和前男友）；虽然这套房子最终不属于她，但若是之后她还想要买房，已经不能再以“首次购房者”（First-time buyer）来享有相应政策/优惠了。
今天的文章就到这边，如果您对于文章内容，或者其他英国法律方面，有任何疑问，都欢迎进一步咨询丽莎律师行。
任何英国税务方面的问题，也可以联系咨询丽莎会计行。
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